In this volume the conflicted memories of Communist repression and the Holocaust in Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and former Yugoslavia are discussed between the poles of politics of history and communicative memories.
The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the memory clashes in different  national arenas. The comparative approach also allows the identification of transnational
 memory patterns.
Finally, the country specific case studies are completed by a theoretical section, in which historians and cultural scientists reflect on contradictory aspects concerning memory, historiography, and historical learning in contemporary Europe.